NOTES

1. See David Runciman, How Democracy Ends (London: Profile, 2018).

2. See Kevin M. Kruse and Julian E. Zelizer, Fault Lines: A History of the United States since 1974 (New York: Norton, 2019).

3. Pew Research Center, Partisanship and Animosity in 2016 (Washington, DC: Pew Research Center, June 22, 2016), 27, http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2016/06/06-22-16-Partisanship-and-animosity-release.pdf.

4. Pew Research Center, The Partisan Divide on Political Values Grows Even Wider (Washington, DC: Pew Research Center, October 5, 2017), 66, http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2017/10/05162647/10-05-2017-Political-landscape-release.pdf.

5. Wakefield Research, “New Wakefield Research Study: The Trump Effect on American Relationships,” news release, May 10, 2017, https://www.wakefieldresearch.com/blog/2017/05/10/new-wakefield-research-study-trump-effect-american-relationships.

6. Michael R. Bloomberg, “Here’s Your Degree: Now Go Defeat Demagogues,” Bloomberg, April 30, 2016, https://www.bloomberg.com/view/articles/2016-04-30/here-s-your-degree-now-go-defeat-demagogues.

7. Isaac Stanley-Becker, “The Center in British Politics Has All but Disappeared, Leaving the Country as Polarized as the U.S.,” Washington Post, June 8, 2017, https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/the-center-in-british-politics-has-all-but-disappeared-leaving-the-country-as-polarized-as-the-us/2017/06/07/045b0554-4afa-11e7-987c-42ab5745db2e_story.html?utm_term=.72dd4a2e0fb3; “French More Polarized, Extreme Than Other Europeans, Poll Suggests,” Reuters, May 5, 2017, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-france-election-polarisation-poll-idUSKBN1810MT; Anne Applebaum, “A Warning from Europe: The Worst Is Yet to Come,” Atlantic, October 2018, https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2018/10/poland-polarization/568324/.

8. See Ben Sasse, Them: Why We Hate Each Other—and How to Heal (New York: St. Martin’s, 2018); William Egginton, The Splintering of the American Mind: Identity Politics, Inequality, and Community on Today’s College Campuses (London: Bloomsbury, 2018); Steve Kornacki, The Red and the Blue: The 1990s and the Birth of Political Tribalism (New York: Ecco, 2018); and Stephen Hawkins, Daniel Yudkin, Míriam Juan-Torres, and Tim Dixon, Hidden Tribes: A Study of America’s Polarized Landscape (New York: More in Common, 2018).

9. Hanno Scholtz, “Idea, Background, and Conditions for the Implementation of Network-Based Collective Decision-Making,” working paper, 2018, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324248883_Idea_background_and_conditions_for_the_implementation_of_network-based_collective_decision-making?isFromSharing=1.

10. Gretchen Livingston and Anna Brown, Intermarriage in the U.S. 50 Years after “Loving v. Virginia” (Washington, DC: Pew Research Center, May 18, 2017), 5.

11. Merriam-Webster Unabridged Online, s.v. “loyal opposition,” https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/loyalopposition.

12. Oxford English Dictionary Online, s.v. “opposition,” http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/131990?redirectedFrom=loyal+opposition#eid33197504.

13. For a review of the literature on US demographics and perceptions of “the white minority,” see Thomas B. Edsall, “Who’s Afraid of a White Minority?,” New York Times, August 30, 2018. Amanda Taub wrote in the New York Times: “The mantra is not all about bigotry. Rather, being part of a culture designed around people’s own community and customs is a constant background hum of reassurance, of belonging. The loss of that comforting has accelerated a phenomenon that Robin DiAngelo, a lecturer and author, calls ‘white fragility’—the stress white people feel when they confront the knowledge that they are neither special nor the default; that whiteness is just a race like any other.” And, “Even some conservative analysts who support a multiethnic ‘melting pot’ national identity, such as the editor of National Review, Reihan Salam, worry that unassimilated immigrants could threaten core national values and cultural cohesion” (Amanda Taub, “Behind 2016’s Turmoil, a Crisis of White Identity,” New York Times, November 1, 2016, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/02/world/americas/brexit-donald-trump-whites.html.

14. Amitai Etzioni, “Inventing Hispanics: A Diverse Minority Resists Being Labeled,” Brookings Institution, December 1, 2002, https://www.brookings.edu/articles/inventing-hispanics-a-diverse-minority-resists-being-labeled/.

15. Don Gonyea, “Majority of White Americans Say They Believe Whites Face Discrimination,” National Public Radio, October 24, 2017, https://www.npr.org/2017/10/24/559604836/majority-of-white-americans-think-theyre-discriminated-against.

16. Kwame Anthony Appiah, The Lies That Bind: Rethinking Identity (New York: Norton, 2018).

17. John Sides, Michael Tesler, and Lynn Vavreck, Identity Crisis: The 2016 Presidential Campaign and the Meaning of America (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2018).

18. “The Economist at 175,” Economist, September 13, 2018, https://www.economist.com/essay/2018/09/13/the-economist-at-175.

19. Virginia A. Rauh et al., “Brain Anomalies in Children Exposed Prenatally to a Common Organophosphate Pesticide,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences in the United States 109, no. 20 (2012), http://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/early/2012/04/25/1203396109.full.pdf.

20. Barry Meier, “Origins of an Epidemic: Purdue Pharma Knew Its Opioids Were Widely Abused,” New York Times, May 29, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/29/health/purdue-opioids-oxycontin.html.

21. Art Van Zee, “The Promotion and Marketing of OxyContin: Commercial Triumph, Public Health Tragedy,” American Journal of Public Health 99, no. 2 (2009), https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2622774/.

22. National Safety Council, “NSC Poll: 99% of Doctors Prescribe Highly-Addictive Opioids Longer than CDC Recommends,” news release, March 24, 2016, https://www.nsc.org/in-the-newsroom/nsc-poll-99-of-doctors-prescribe-highly-addictive-opioids-longer-than-cdc-recommends; Anupam B. Jena, Michael Barnett, and Dana Goldman, “How Health Care Providers Can Help End the Overprescription of Opioids,” Harvard Business Review, October 24, 2017, https://hbr.org/2017/10/how-health-care-providers-can-help-end-the-overprescription-of-opioids; “Prescription Opioid Data: Prescribing Practices,” Center for Disease Control, 2017, https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/data/prescribing.html.

23. Center for Disease Control, “U.S. Drug Overdose Deaths Continue to Rise: Increase Fueled by Synthetic Opioids,” news release, March 29, 2018, https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2018/p0329-drug-overdose-deaths.html.

24. “Prescription Opioid Data: Key Messages,” Center for Disease Control, 2017, https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/data/prescribing.html.

25. Edward Wyatt, “Promises Made, and Remade, by Firms in S.E.C. Fraud Cases,” New York Times, November 7, 2011, https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/08/business/in-sec-fraud-cases-banks-make-and-break-promises.html?pagewanted=all.

26. Carlos Lozada, “Let’s See Some I.D.,” Washington Post, October 21, 2018, B1.

27. Amitai Etzioni, “My Kingdom for a Wave,” American Scholar, December 6, 2013, https://theamericanscholar.org/my-kingdom-for-a-wave/#.W4lhvy7wbcs.

28. For other notable texts on patriotism, see John Kleinig, Simon Keller, and Igor Primoratz, The Ethics of Patriotism: A Debate (Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2015); Igor Primoratz and Aleksander Pavkovic, eds., Patriotism: Philosophical and Political Perspectives (Farnham, UK: Ashgate, 2008); Omar Swartz, Against the New Patriotism and Other Essays on Social Justice, 2001–2009 (Leicester, UK: Troubador, 2014); and Anne Applebaum, “Don’t Let the Nationalists Steal Patriotism,” Washington Post, December 29, 2018, https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/global-opinions/dont-let-the-nationalists-steal-patriotism/2018/12/28/d78b310e-0a0e-11e9-85b6-41c0fe0c5b8f_story.html?utm_term=.9944c8730bc7.

29. Lawrence Summers, “Voters Deserve Responsible Nationalism Not Reflex Globalism,” Financial Times, July 10, 2016, https://www.ft.com/content/15598db8-4456-11e6-9b66-0712b3873ae1.

30. David Brooks, “The Nationalist Solution,” New York Times, February 20, 2015, https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/20/opinion/david-brooks-the-nationalist-solution.html.

31. Barton Swaim, “The Right Way to Defend Democracy,” Wall Street Journal, March 9, 2018.

32. William A. Galston, “In Defense of a Reasonable Patriotism,” Brookings Institution, July 23, 2018, https://www.brookings.edu/research/in-defense-of-a-reasonable-patriotism/.

33. George Orwell, “Notes on Nationalism,” Polemic, May 1945, http://www.orwell.ru/library/essays/nationalism/english/e_nat.

34. For additional discussion, see Amitai Etzioni, Security First: For a Muscular, Moral Foreign Policy (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2007); Robert Dahl, Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1972); and S. M. Lipset and Jason M. Lakin, The Democratic Century (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2004).

35. Charles Taylor, “Why Democracy Needs Patriotism,” in For Love of Country: Debating the Limits of Patriotism, ed. Joshua Cohen (Boston: Beacon, 1996), 120.

36. Larry Siedentop questions where the idea of liberalism has come from and the historical development of liberalism in Inventing the Individual: The Origins of Western Liberalism (Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2014).

37. See Susan Wolf, “Moral Obligations and Social Commands,” in Metaphysics and the Good: Themes from the Philosophy of Robert Merrihew Adams, ed. Samuel Newlands and Larry M. Jorgensen (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009).

1. In fact, some communitarians (e.g., MacIntyre and Hauerwas) evaluate communal bonds to question not only globalism but also nationalism, arguing that meaningful bonds and values can develop only in small, tightly knit communities of associations, clubs, churches, neighborhoods, small towns, etc. among people who share the same narrative of the good life (see Alasdair MacIntyre, After Virtue [Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1981], 256–63).

2. For an evaluation of core values in communities across the globe, see Michael Ignatieff, The Ordinary Virtues: Moral Order in a Divided World (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2017).

3. Encyclopædia Britannica Online, s.v. “ideal type,” http://www.britannica.com/topic/ideal-type.

4. In 2015, Israeli president Reuven Rivlin called for a dialogue among the four tribes of Israel—secular Jews, Haredim (ultra-Orthodox), national religious groups, and Israeli Arabs—to formulate a new concept of partnership. Amitai Etzioni provided a map of how to accomplish this goal in his 2016 presentation for the Herzliya Conference, “From Partnership to Community,” https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2825302.

5. H. D. Wu and Renita Coleman, “Advancing Agenda-Setting Theory: The Comparative Strength and New Contingent Conditions of the Two Levels of Agenda-Setting,” Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly 86, no. 4 (2009): 775–89, http://proxygw.wrlc.org/login?url=http://search.proquest.com/docview/216940500?accountid=11243.

6. Amitai Etzioni, “COIN: A Study of Strategic Illusion,” Small Wars & Insurgencies 26, no. 3 (2015): 345–76.

7. Aldon D. Morris, “A Retrospective on the Civil Rights Movement: Political and Intellectual Landmarks,” Annual Review of Sociology 25 (1999): 535.

8. Data Source: Google Trends, “social inequality,” www.google.com/trends.

9. World Movement for World Federal Government, Montreux Declaration (Switzerland: Secretariat for World Movement for World Federal Government, August 23, 1947), http://www.cvce.eu/content/publication/1999/1/1/adf279f7-80a4-4855-9215-48a5184328aa/publishable_en.pdf.

10. Data Source: Google Trends, “transgender bathrooms,” www.google.com/trends.

11. George Stigler and Gary Becker, “De gustibus non est disputandum,” American Economic Review 67, no. 2 (1977): 76.

12. See Amartya K. Sen, “Rational Fools: A Critique of the Behavioral Foundations of Economic Theory,” Philosophy & Public Affairs 6, no. 4 (1977): 317–44; Richard H. Thaler, Misbehaving: The Making of Behavioral Economics (New York: Norton, 2015); Daniel Kahneman, Thinking, Fast and Slow (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2011); and Herbert A. Simon, Administrative Behavior: A Study of Decision-Making Processes in Administrative Organizations (New York: Free Press, 1997).

13. Bernard Cohen, The Press and Foreign Policy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2016), 13.

14. Robert E. Goodin, No Smoking: The Ethical Issues (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989).

15. See Michael Lerner and Cornel West, Jews and Blacks: Let the Healing Begin (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1995).

16. For additional examples, see Michael LaBossiere, Moral Methods (self-pub., 2012).

17. Oxford English Dictionary Online, s.v. “culture,” http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/45746?rskey=WuBW7i&result=1&isAdvanced=false#eid.

18. Stephen Prothero, Why Liberals Win the Culture Wars (Even When They Lose Elections): The Battles That Define America from Jefferson’s Heresies to Gay Marriage (New York: HarperCollins, 2016).

19. Amitai Etzioni, A Comparative Analysis of Complex Organizations (New York: Free Press of Glencoe, 1961).

20. Ibid.

21. Dennis Hume Wrong, The Problem of Order: What Unites and Divides Society (New York: Free Press, 1994).

22. Alan Lewis, The Psychology of Taxation (New York: St. Martin’s, 1982), 5–6.

23. Amitai Etzioni, The New Golden Rule: Community and Morality in a Democratic Society (New York: Basic, 1996), 146.

24. Ibid., 143.

25. Bowers v. Hardwick, 478 US 186 (1986).

26. The Defense of Marriage Act, HR 3396, 104th Cong., 2nd sess., Cong. Rec. 142 (July 11–12, 1996) H104–664, https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/104-1996/h316.

27. The Defense of Marriage Act, HR 3396, 104th Cong., 2nd sess., Cong. Rec. 142 (September 10, 1996) S280, https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/104-1996/s280.

28. David Cole, Engines of Liberty: The Power of Citizen Activists to Make Constitutional Law (New York: Basic, 2016), 28.

29. William J. Clinton, Public Papers of the President of the United States, William J. Clinton, in Book 2, July 1 to December 31, 1996 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1998), 1635.

30. “Marriage,” Gallup, 2016, http://www.gallup.com/poll/117328/marriage.aspx.

31. “Growing Public Support for Same-Sex Marriage,” Pew Research Center, February 7, 2012, http://www.pewresearch.org/data-trend/domestic-issues/attitudes-on-gay-marriage/.

32. Jeffrey Schmalz, “In Hawaii, Step toward Legalized Gay Marriage,” New York Times, May 7, 1993, http://www.nytimes.com/1993/05/07/us/in-hawaii-step-toward-legalized-gay-marriage.html.

33. Cole, Engines of Liberty, 28.

34. Pam Belluck, “Massachusetts Arrives at Moment for Same-Sex Marriage” New York Times, May 17, 2004, http://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/17/us/massachusetts-arrives-at-moment-for-same-sex-marriage.html?_r=0.

35. Cole. Engines of Liberty, 82.

36. Ibid., 49.

37. Ibid., 51.

38. Ibid., 48–49.

39. Ibid., 70.

40. Ibid., 68–70.

41. Ibid., 74.

42. Associated Press, “Number of Gay and Lesbian TV Characters Growing, says GLAAD,” CBS News, October 1, 2014, http://www.cbsnews.com/news/number-of-gay-and-lesbian-tv-characters-growing-says-glaad/.

43. Eliana Dockterman, “These Shows Helped Shape America’s Attitudes about Gay Relationships,” Time, June 26, 2015, http://time.com/3937496/gay-marriage-supreme-court-ruling-tv-shows-changed-america/.

44. Paul Hitlin and Sovini Tan, “In Social Media, Support for Same-Sex Marriage,” Pew Research Center, May 17, 2012, http://www.journalism.org/2012/05/17/social-media-support-samesex-marriage/.

45. Ibid.

46. Ibid.

47. Alexis Kleinman, “How the Red Equal Sign Took over Facebook, According to Facebook’s Own Data,” Huffington Post, March 29, 2013, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/03/29/red-equal-sign-facebook_n_2980489.html.

48. Maureen McCarty, “One Year Out, the Little Red Logo That Transformed the Marriage Equality Narrative,” March 25, 2014, Human Rights Campaign, http://www.hrc.org/blog/one-year-out-the-little-red-logo-that-transformed-the-marriage-equality-nar.

49. Paul Hitlin, Mark Jurkowitz, and Amy Mitchell, “News Coverage Conveys Strong Momentum for Same-Sex Marriage,” Pew Research Center, June 17, 2013, http://www.journalism.org/2013/06/17/news-coverage-conveys-strong-momentum/.

50. Ibid.

51. Associated Press, “In California, Protests over Gay Marriage Vote,” New York Times, November 9, 2008, http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/10/us/10protest.html.

52. Ibid.

53. United States v. Windsor, 133 S. Ct. 2675 (2013).

54. Obergefell v. Hodges, 135 S. Ct. 2584 (2015).

55. “Marriage,” Gallup, 2016, http://www.gallup.com/poll/117328/marriage.aspx.

56. Cole, Engines of Liberty, 92.

57. Ferdinand Tönnies, Community and Society (Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft), trans. and ed. Charles P. Loomis (East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1957).

58. Edward Blakely, “In Gated Communities, Such as Where Trayvon Martin Died, a Dangerous Mind-Set,” Washington Post, April 6, 2012, https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/in-gated-communities-such-as-where-trayvon-martin-died-a-dangerous-mind-set/2012/04/06/gIQAwWG8zS_story.html.

59. “Communitarian critics want us to live in Salem, but not believe in witches” (quote from Amy Gutmann, “Communitarian Critics of Liberalism,” Philosophy and Public Affairs 14, no. 3 [1985]: 319).

60. Amitai Etzioni, “On Communitarian and Global Sources of Legitimacy,” Review of Politics 73, no. 1 (2011): 105.

1. Yoram Hazony, “The Liberty of Nations,” Wall Street Journal, August 24, 2018, https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-liberty-of-nations-1535120837.

2. See Robert E. Park, Race and Culture (New York: Free Press, 1950).

3. Carolyn Y. Johnson, “Talking to the Other Side Can Stoke Polarization,” Washington Post, September 8, 2018.

4. See Hugo Mercier and Dan Sperber, The Enigma of Reason (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2017).

5. National Fire Administration, “National Fire Department Registry Quick Facts,” news release, October 5, 2018, https://apps.usfa.fema.gov/registry/summary.

6. Richard Rorty, “The Unpatriotic Academy,” New York Times, February 13, 1994, https://www.nytimes.com/1994/02/13/opinion/the-unpatriotic-academy.html.

7. Jean Baldwin Grossman, Joseph P. Tierney, and Nancy Resch, Making a Difference: An Impact Study of Big Brothers/Big Sisters (Philadelphia: Public/Private Ventures, 2000); Leonard LoSciuto, Amy K. Rajala, Tara N. Townsend, and Andrea S. Taylor, “An Outcome Evaluation of ‘Across Ages’: An Intergenerational Mentoring Approach to Drug Prevention,” Journal of Adolescent Research 11, no. 1 (1996): 116–29, https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0743554896111007; Robert Aseltine, Mathew Dupre, and Pamela Lamlein, “Mentoring as a Drug Prevention Strategy: An Evaluation of ‘Across Ages,’” Adolescent and Family Health 1 (2000): 11–20.

8. Patrick T. Terenzini, Ernest T. Pascarella, and Gregory S. Blimling, “Students’ Out-of-Class Experiences and the Influence of Learning and Cognitive Development: A Literature Review,” Journal of College Students Development 37 (1996): 149–61; Toni A. Campbell and David E. Campbell, “Faculty/Student Mentor Program: Effects on Academic Performance and Retention,” Research in Higher Education 38, no. 6 (1997): 727–42, https://www.jstor.org/stable/40196285.

9. Grossman, Tierney, and Resch, Making a Difference: An Impact Study of Big Brothers/Big Sisters; Aseltine, Dupre, and Lamlein, “Mentoring as a Drug Prevention Strategy: An Evaluation of ‘Across Ages.’”

10. Rajashi Ghosh and Thomas G. Reio Jr., “Career Benefits Associated with Mentoring for Mentors: A Meta-analysis,” Journal of Vocational Behavior 83, no. 1 (2013), https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0001879113001012.

11. Martin West, “Testing, Learning, and Teaching: The Effects of Test-Based Accountability on Student Achievement and Instructional Time in Core Academic Subjects,” in Beyond the Basics: Achieving a Liberal Education for All Children, ed. C. E. Finn Jr. and D. Ravitch (Washington, DC: Thomas B. Fordham Institute, 2007), 45–62.

12. Sarah Shapiro and Catherine Brown, “The State of Civics Education,” Center for American Progress, February 21, 2018, https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/education-k-12/reports/2018/02/21/446857/state-civics-education/.

13. Matthew Shaw, “Civic Illiteracy in America,” Harvard Political Review, May 25, 2017, http://harvardpolitics.com/culture/civic-illiteracy-in-america/.

14. Ibid.

15. Yascha Mounk, The People vs. Democracy (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2018), 251.

16. E. J. Dionne Jr., Our Divided Political Heart: The Battle for the American Idea in an Age of Discontent (New York: Bloomsbury, 2012), 4.

17. Ibid., 21

18. Amitai Etzioni, The Spirit of Community: Rights, Responsibilities, and the Communitarian Agenda (New York: Touchstone, 1993).

19. Stanley McChrystal, “Stanley McChrystal: Every American Should Serve for One Year,” Time, June 20, 2017, http://time.com/4824366/year-national-service-americorps-peace-corps/.

20. Stanley McChrystal, “How a National Service Year Can Repair America,” Washington Post, November 14, 2014, https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/mcchrystal-americans-face-a-gap-of-shared-experience-and-common-purpose/2014/11/14/a51ad4fa-6b6a-11e4-a31c-77759fc1eacc_story.html?utm_term=.cd6f236f70a7.

21. Isabel V. Sawhill, “It’s Time to Make National Service a Universal Commitment,” Brookings Institution, November 30, 2017, https://www.brookings.edu/blog/up-front/2017/11/30/its-time-to-make-national-service-a-universal-commitment/.

22. Dictionary.com, s.v. “globalism,” https://www.dictionary.com/browse/globalism.

23. Greg Ip, “We Are Not the World,” Wall Street Journal, January 6, 2017, https://www.wsj.com/articles/we-arent-the-world-1483728161.

24. See Ian Bremmer, Us vs. Them: The Failure of Globalism (New York: Penguin Random House, 2018).

25. Anand Giridharadas, Winners Take All: The Elite Charade of Changing the World (New York: Knopf, 2018), 146–47.

26. Dani Rodrik, The Globalization Paradox (New York: Norton, 2012), 88. Michael Lind has written at length about free trade, with particular emphasis on disagreements among economists skeptical of free trade such as Rodrik, Ha-Joon Chang, and Paul Bairoch, and free-trade advocates such as Jeffrey Sachs, Jagdish Bhagwati, and Paul Krugman (see Michael Lind, “Free Trade Fallacy,” Prospect Magazine, January 20, 2003, https://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/magazine/freetradefallacy). Joseph Stiglitz has also examined flaws in the global economic system, as currently constructed, in his books Globalism and Its Discontents (2002) and Fair Trade for All (2005).

27. See Woodrow Wilson’s “Fourteen Points,” January 8, 1918, http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/wilson14.asp.

28. Milton Friedman and Rose D. Friedman, “The Case for Free Trade,” Hoover Institution, October 30, 1997, https://www.hoover.org/research/case-free-trade.

29. Sam Bowman, “Coming out as Neoliberals,” Adam Smith Institute, October 11, 2016, https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/coming-out-as-neoliberals.

30. Adam Smith Institute, 2018, https://www.adamsmith.org/#.

31. Alex Tabarrok, “The Case for Getting Rid of Borders—Completely,” Atlantic, October 10, 2015, https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2015/10/get-rid-borders-completely/409501/.

32. Joseph H. Carens, “Aliens and Citizens: The Case for Open Borders,” Review of Politics 49, no. 2 (1987): 251–73, https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/1407506.pdf.

33. Jacob Hornberger, “There Is Only One Libertarian Position on Immigration,” Future of Freedom Foundation, August 25, 2016, http://www.fff.org/2015/08/25/one-libertarian-position-immigration/.

34. Samuel Huntington, “Dead Souls: The Denationalization of the American Elite,” National Interest, March 1, 2004, https://nationalinterest.org/article/dead-souls-the-denationalization-of-the-american-elite-620.

35. Johnathan Haidt, “The Ethics of Globalism, Nationalism, and Patriotism,” Minding Nature 9, no. 3 (2016), https://www.humansandnature.org/the-ethics-of-globalism-nationalism-and-patriotism.

36. Johnathan Haidt, “When and Why Nationalism Beats Globalism,” American Interest 12, no. 1 (2016), https://www.the-american-interest.com/2016/07/10/when-and-why-nationalism-beats-globalism/.

37. Theresa May, “2016 Conservative Party Conference” (speech, Birmingham, UK, October 5, 2016), https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/theresa-mays-speech-conservative-party-8983265.

38. Martha Nussbaum, “Patriotism and Cosmopolitanism,” in For Love of Country: Debating the Limits of Patriotism, ed. Joshua Cohen (Boston: Beacon, 1996), 5.

39. Ibid., 6.

40. “Yuval Noah Harari: Nationalism vs. Globalism: The New Political Divide,” Tiny TED, n.d., https://en.tiny.ted.com/talks/yuval_noah_harari_nationalism_vs_globalism_the_new_political_divide.

41. Ibid.

42. Jamie Mayerfeld, “The Myth of Benign Group Identity: A Critique of Liberal Nationalism,” Polity 30, no. 4 (1998): 576, https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/3235255.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A948d33ac025aa5bf5d2f3437df3c81c6.

43. James S. House, Karl R. Landis, and Debra Umberson, “Social Relationships and Health,” Science 241 (July 1988): 540.

44. John T. Cacioppo and Louise C. Hawkley, “Social Isolation and Health, with an Emphasis on Underlying Mechanisms,” Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 46, no. 3 (2003): S39–S52.

45. John T. Cacioppo and Louise C. Hawkley, “Loneliness Matters: A Theoretical and Empirical Review of Consequences and Mechanisms,” Annals of Behavioral Medicine 40, no. 2 (2010): 218.

46. Steven Stack and J. Ross Eshleman, “Marital Status and Happiness: A 17-Nation Study,” Journal of Marriage and Family 60, no. 2 (May 1998): 527–36; see also Richard A. Easterlin, “Explaining Happiness,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 100, no. 19 (2003): 11176–83.

47. See Erich Fromm, Escape from Freedom (New York: Henry Holt, 1941); and William Kornhauser, The Politics of Mass Society (Glencoe, IL: Free Press, 1959).

48. Robert A. Kagan and Jerome H. Skolnick, “Banning Smoking: Compliance without Enforcement,” in Smoking Policy: Law, Politics, and Culture, ed. Robert L. Rabin and Stephen D. Sugarman (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993).

49. See T. R. Reid, Confucius Lives Next Door: What Living in the East Teaches Us about Living in the West (New York: Random House, 1999).

50. Amy Gutmann, “Review: Communitarian Critics of Liberalism,” Philosophy and Public Affairs 14, no. 3 (1985): 319.

51. David Brooks, “Yes, I’m an American Nationalist,” New York Times, October 25, 2018, A23.

52. Ernest Renan, “What Is a Nation?,” trans. Ethan Rundell, in “Qu’est-ce qu’une nation?,” by Renan (text of a conference, Sorbonne, Paris, March 11, 1882).

53. For a book very critical of tribes in Europe, see Akbar Ahmed, Journey into Europe: Islam, Immigration, and Identity (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2018).

54. Amy Chua, Political Tribes: Group Instinct and the Fate of Nations (New York: Penguin, 2018): 54.

55. Ibid., 79.

56. Steven Pinker, Enlightenment Now: The Case for Reason, Science, Humanism, and Progress (New York: Penguin, 2018).

57. See Amitai Etzioni, “The Moral Voice,” in The New Golden Rule (New York: Basic, 1996), 119–59.

58. See Jennifer Welsh, The Return of History: Conflict, Migration, and Geopolitics in the Twenty-First Century (Toronto: House of Anansi, 2016).

59. See Kenneth F. Scheve and Matthew J. Slaughter, “How to Save Globalism,” Foreign Affairs 97, no. 6 (2018).

60. Benjamin Friedman, “The Moral Consequences of Economic Growth,” Society 43 (2006): 15.

61. Elizabeth Warren and Bill de Blasio wrote a piece for the Washington Post in 2015 titled “A New Agenda for Prosperity,” in which they outlined policy proposals to rebuild the middle class and “Strengthen the American Dream.” All nine proposals of their class-centric approach focus on economics.

62. William A. Galston, “Populism’s Challenge to Democracy,” Wall Street Journal, March 17, 2018.

63. Paul Collier, The Future of Capitalism: Facing the New Anxieties (New York: HarperCollins, 2018).

64. Isabel Sawhill, The Forgotten Americans: An Economic Agenda for a Divided Nation (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2018).

65. Arlie Russell Hochschild’s Strangers in Their Own Land (2016) provides much insight and data on these voters, though the book was written before the 2016 election.

66. Jordan Kyle and Yascha Mounk, “Why Populism Refuses to Die,” Washington Post, March 11, 2018.

67. Barack Obama, “Keynote Address: Democratic National Conference,” speech, Boston, July 27, 2004, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A19751-2004Jul27.html?tid=a_mcntx.

68. Gordon W. Allport, The Nature of Prejudice (Cambridge, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1954).

69. Chua, Political Tribes, 201.

70. See Rupert Nacoste, “Self-Segregation on College Campuses,” Utne Reader, April 2015, https://www.utne.com/community/self-segregation-on-college-campuses-ze0z1504zdeh.

71. Chua, Political Tribes.

72. Ibid., 189.

73. Ibid., 203.

74. Mark Lilla, The Once and Future Liberal (New York: HarperCollins, 2017), 67. Lilla seems unaware that this point is a central thesis of Robert N. Bellah et al. in their book Habits of the Heart (1985), and Amitai Etzioni, in The Spirit of Community (1993). Indeed, he uses the same notation. The same holds for his assertion that rights presume duties, though previous authors used the term “responsibilities” to make the same point.

75. Mark Lilla, The Once and Future Liberal, 129.

76. Ibid., 133.

77. Ibid.

78. Yascha Mounk, “How Liberals Can Reclaim Nationalism,” New York Times, March 3, 2018.

79. Yascha Mounk, The People vs. Democracy: Why Our Freedom Is in Danger & How to Save It (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2018), 210.

80. Barack Obama, “50th Anniversary of the Selma to Montgomery Marches” (speech, Selma, AL, March 7, 2015), https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2015/03/07/remarks-president-50th-anniversary-selma-montgomery-marches.

81. Yascha Mounk, The People vs. Democracy.

82. Francis Fukuyama, “The End of History,” National Interest 16 (1989).

83. See Amitai Etzioni, “Benefits for Gig Workers,” Challenge (2018): 1–14.

84. Paul Fain, “Helping Career Education Become a First Choice,” Inside Higher Ed, July 5, 2017, https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2017/07/05/california-community-colleges-seek-rebrand-cte-state-kicks-new-money.

85. Sasse, Them: Why We Hate Each Other—And How to Heal, 252.

86. Norman Ornstein and Thomas E. Mann, “The Broken Branch: How Congress Is Failing America and How to Get It Back on Track,” Brookings Institution, June 27, 2006.

87. Gottman and Silver, The Seven Principles for Making Marriage Work, 235.

88. One proposal has been to cultivate grassroots drives that rally citizens to tackle a variety of problems that cut across political lines. Jeffrey Stout details in Blessed Are the Organized: Grassroots Democracy in America how community-based organizing mobilizes people to confront issues as simple as improving neighborhood signage to as complex as disaster preparedness. A separate account of community-based activism in America comes from James Fallows and Deborah Fallows in Our Towns: A 100,000-Mile Journey into the Heart of America. The couple details how activists across what is considered “flyover country” in America are providing practical solutions to local problems through civic engagement and grassroots organizing.

89. Michael Kazin, “America’s Never-Ending Culture War,” New York Times, August 24, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/24/opinion/sunday/chicago-protests-1968-culture-war.html.

90. Barack Obama, “Victory Speech” speech, Chicago, November 7, 2012, https://www.npr.org/2012/11/06/164540079/transcript-president-obamas-victory-speech.

91. Trip Gabriel, “Patriotism: An American Puzzle,” New York Times, November 6, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/06/us/politics/patriotism-midterms-trump.html.

92. See Amitai Etzioni, The Spirit of Community: Rights, Responsibilities, and the Communitarian Agenda (New York: Touchstone, 1993); Amitai Etzioni, The New Golden Rule: Community and Morality in a Democratic Society (New York: Basic, 1996); and Nikolas K. Gvosdev, Communitarian Foreign Policy: Amitai Etzioni’s Vision (Piscataway, NJ: Transaction, 2015).

1. Pankaj Mishra, “How Rousseau Predicted Trump,” New Yorker, August 1, 2016.

2. For an evaluation of Hume’s philosophical views of religion, see section 8 of William Edward Morris and Charlotte R. Brown, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, ed. Edward N. Zalta (2017), s.v. “David Hume,” https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2017/entries/hume/.

3. David Hume, The Natural History of Religion (1757; London: A. and H. Bradlaugh Bonner, 1889), 61.

4. Yoram Hazony, “The Dark Side of the Enlightenment,” Wall Street Journal, April 7–8, 2018.

5. “Russians Return to Religion, but Not to Church,” Pew Research Center, February 10, 2014, http://www.pewforum.org/2014/02/10/russians-return-to-religion-but-not-to-church/.

6. Eleanor Albert, “Christianity in China,” Council on Foreign Relations, March 9, 2018, https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/christianity-china.

7. David Masci, “Why Has Pentecostalism Grown So Dramatically in Latin America?” Pew Research Center, November 14, 2014, http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/11/14/why-has-pentecostalism-grown-so-dramatically-in-latin-america/.

8. “Most Muslims Want Democracy, Personal Freedoms, and Islam in Political Life,” Pew Research Center, July 10, 2012, http://www.pewglobal.org/2012/07/10/chapter-3-role-of-islam-in-politics/.

9. Robert Bartley, “The Future of Economic Freedom,” Heritage Foundation, October 16, 2000, https://www.heritage.org/trade/report/the-future-economic-freedom.

10. Bruce Stokes, “Most of the World Supports Globalization in Theory, but Many Question It in Practice,” Pew Research Center, September 16, 2014, http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/09/16/most-of-the-world-supports-globalization-in-theory-but-many-question-it-in-practice/.

11. Alex Tabarrok, “The Case for Getting Rid of Borders—Completely,” Atlantic, October 10, 2015, https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2015/10/get-rid-borders-completely/409501/. In a speech transcript released by WikiLeaks, Hillary Clinton is alleged to have said, “My dream is a hemispheric common market, with open trade and open borders, sometime in the future with energy that is as green and sustainable as we can get it, powering growth and opportunity for every person in the hemisphere” (see https://www.businessinsider.com/hillary-clinton-open-trade-open-border-immigration-policy-for-migrants-2016-10).

12. Johnathan Haidt, “When and Why Nationalism Beats Globalism,” American Interest 12, no. 1 (2016), https://www.the-american-interest.com/2016/07/10/when-and-why-nationalism-beats-globalism/.

1. Jeremy Bentham, Principles of Morals and Legislation (1789; London: W. Pickering, 1823), 4: “The community is a fictitious body composed of the individuals who are thought of as being as it were its members. Then what is the interest of the community? It is the sum of the interests of the members who compose it.”

2. See Margaret Thatcher, “No Such Thing as Society” (interview, London, September 23, 1987), https://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/106689: “I think we have gone through a period when too many children and people have been given to understand ‘I have a problem, it is the Government’s job to cope with it!’ or ‘I have a problem, I will go and get a grant to cope with it!’ ‘I am homeless, the Government must house me!’ and so they are casting their problems on society and who is society? There is no such thing! There are individual men and women and there are families and no government can do anything except through people and people look to themselves first.”

3. Amitai Etzioni, The New Golden Rule: Community and Morality in a Democratic Society (New York: Basic, 1996); Amitai Etzioni, The Spirit of Community: Rights, Responsibilities, and the Communitarian Agenda (New York: Touchstone, 1993).

4. Sebastian Reyes, “Singapore’s Stubborn Authoritarianism,” Harvard Political Review, September 29, 2015, http://harvardpolitics.com/world/singapores-stubborn-authoritarianism/.

5. T. R. Reid, Confucius Lives Next Door: What Living in the East Teaches Us about Living in the West (New York: Random House, 1999).

6. See Lawrence H. Summers, “Morning Prayers Address” (speech, Cambridge, MA, September 15, 2003), http://www.harvard.edu/president/speeches/summers_2003/prayer.php: “It is the basis of much economic analysis that the good is an aggregation of many individuals’ assessments of their own well-being.”

7. See Friedrich A. Hayek, The Road to Serfdom (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994), 95.

8. Ayn Rand, The Virtue of Selfishness (New York: New American Library, 1964).

9. This view is advocated particularly by the public choice school of political economy (see William F. Shughart II, The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics, 2nd ed. [Indianapolis, IN: Liberty Fund, 2008], s.v. “Public Choice”).

10. Martin Gilens and Benjamin I. Page, “Testing Theories of American Politics: Elites, Interest Groups, and Average Citizens,” Perspectives on Politics 12, no. 3 (2014): 564–81.

11. Erik Baekkeskov, Encyclopædia Britannica, s.v. “Market Failure,” http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1937869/market-failure.

12. Amitai Etzioni, The Common Good (Cambridge, UK: Polity, 2004); see also Dinesh Sharma, “A Vaccine Nation,” review of The Vaccine Narrative, by Jacob Heller (2008), Health Affairs 28, no. 2 (2009); and Baekkeskov, “Market Failure.”

13. Etzioni, The Common Good.

14. Ibid.; see Michael J. Sandel, Justice: What’s the Right Thing to Do? (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2009), 90; see also Charles Taylor, Philosophical Arguments (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995), 190–91.

15. See Kevin P. Quinn, “Sandel’s Communitarianism and Public Deliberations over Health Care Policy,” Georgetown Law Journal 85, no. 7 (1997): 2182–83.

16. See Jack B. Sarno, “A Natural Law Defense of Buckley v. Valeo,” Fordham Law Review 66, no. 6 (1998): 2693–737.

17. See Abrams v. United States, 250 U.S. 616, 624 (1919).

18. Ibid., 630.

19. “The FCC and Freedom of Speech,” Federal Communications Commission, September 13, 2017, http://www.fcc.gov/guides/fcc-and-freedom-speech.

20. Scott L. Cummings, Robert Henigson Professor of Legal Ethics, UCLA School of Law, interview, December 9, 2014.

21. See George Anastaplo, “The Constitution at Two Hundred: Explorations,” Texas Tech Law Review 22 (1991): 1095–96; United Nations, The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Paris, 1948). The declaration does not recognize all common goods as rights.

22. United Nations, The Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

23. See Sarno, “A Natural Law Defense of Buckley v. Valeo,” 2737. Sarno notes that individual rights are part of the common good.

24. See Lee J. Strang, “An Originalist Theory of Precedent: Originalism, Nonoriginalism Precedent, and the Common Good,” New Mexico Law Review 36 (2006): 419–86.

25. William Tyler Page, “The American’s Creed,” 1917, http://www.ushistory.org/documents/creed.htm.

26. Gunnar Myrdal, American Dilemma (New York: Harper Brothers, 1944), xlvii.

1. See Kostas Vlassopoulos, “Free Spaces: Identity, Experience and Democracy in Classical Athens,” Classical Quarterly 57, no. 1 (2007): 39–47.

2. “Q&A: What Is a Loya Jirga?,” BBC News, July 1, 2002, http://news.bbc.co.UK/2/hi/south_asia/1782079.stm.

3. Dylan Matthews, “It’s Official: The 112th Congress Was the Most Polarized Ever,” Washington Post, January 17, 2013, http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2013/01/17/its-official-the-112th-congress-was-the-most-polarized-ever/.

4. Amitai Etzioni, The Common Good (Cambridge, UK: Polity, 2004). In contrast, authoritarian and East Asian communitarians tend be concerned with the common good and pay heed to rights mainly insofar as they serve the rulers’ aims; Etzioni, “Communitarianism.” At the opposite end of the spectrum, contemporary liberals emphasize individual rights and autonomy over societal formulations of the common good.

5. U.S. Const. amend. IV.

6. Amitai Etzioni, “The Standing of the Public Interest,” Barry Law Review 20, no. 2 (2015): 191–217.

7. Skinner v. Ry. Labor Execs. Ass’n, 489 U.S. 602, 634 (1989).

8. Mich. Dep’t of State Police v. Sitz, 496 U.S. 444, 447 (1990).

9. Jacobson v. Massachusetts, 197 U.S. 11, 11 (1905).

10. Ibid.

11. Marshall v. Barlow’s, Inc., 436 U.S. 307, 320 (1978).

12. Andy Kessler, “A Better Way to Make Facebook Pay,” Wall Street Journal, April 8, 2018, https://www.wsj.com/articles/a-better-way-to-make-facebook-pay-1523209483.

13. Ibid.

14. European Parliament and the Council to the European Union, Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016, General Data Protection Regulation, May 5, 2016, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1528874672298&uri=CELEX%3A32016R0679.

15. For a critique of Europe’s privacy policies, see Alison Cool, “Don’t Follow Europe on Privacy,” New York Times, May 16, 2018.

16. General Data Protection Regulation, Chapter II, Article 5 (b); General Data Protection Regulation, Chapter IX, Article 89 (1–4).

17. Ibid., Chapter III, Article 21.

18. General Data Protection Regulation (52).

19. Ibid. (159).

20. Ibid. (16).

1. Andi Wilson Thompson, Danielle Kehl, and Kevin Bankston, Doomed to Repeat History? Lessons from the Crypto Wars of the 1990s (Washington, DC: New America, 2015), https://www.newamerica.org/cybersecurity-initiative/policy-papers/doomed-to-repeat-history-lessons-from-the-crypto-wars-of-the-1990s/.

2. Ibid., 5.

3. Ibid.

4. Ibid.

5. Ibid.

6. Stewart A. Baker, “Don’t Worry Be Happy,” Wired, June 1, 1994, http://archive.wired.com/wired/archive/2.06/nsa.clipper.html?topic=&topic_set=.

7. Ibid.

8. Thompson, Kehl, and Bankston, Doomed to Repeat History?, 9.

9. Ibid.

10. Ibid., 10.

11. Ibid.

12. Ibid., 8.

13. Ibid.

14. Ibid., 17.

15. Andy Greenberg, “Hacker Lexicon: What Is End-to-End Encryption?,” Wired, November 25, 2014, https://www.wired.com/2014/11/hacker-lexicon-end-to-end-encryption/.

16. Apple, “Privacy,” Apple, https://www.apple.com/privacy/approach-to-privacy/.

17. Andy Greenberg, “You Can All Finally Encrypt Facebook Messenger, So Do It,” Wired, October 4, 2016, https://www.wired.com/2016/10/facebook-completely-encrypted-messenger-update-now/.

18. Google Allo, “Allo,” Google, https://allo.google.com/.

19. Matthew Taylor, Nick Hopkins, and Jemima Kiss, “NSA Surveillance May Cause Breakup of Internet, Warn Experts,” Guardian (UK), November 1, 2013, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/nov/01/nsa-surveillance-cause-internet-breakup-edward-snowden.

20. Cade Metz, “Forget Apple vs. the FBI: WhatsApp Just Switched on Encryption for a Billion People,” Wired, April 5, 2016, https://www.wired.com/2016/04/forget-apple-vs-fbi-whatsapp-just-switched-encryption-billion-people/.

21. Andy Greenberg, “After 3 Years, Why Gmail’s End-to-End Encryption Is Still Vapor,” Wired, February 28, 2017, https://www.wired.com/2017/02/3-years-gmails-end-end-encryption-still-vapor/.

22. James Comey, “Going Dark: Are Technology, Privacy, and Public Safety on a Collision Course?” (speech, Brookings Institution, Washington, DC, October 16, 2014), http://www.fbi.gov/news/speeches/going-dark-are-technology-privacy-and-public-safety-on-a-collision-course.

23. Christopher Hope, “Spies Should Be Able to Monitor All Online Messaging, Says David Cameron,” Telegraph (UK), January 12, 2015, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/internet-security/11340621/Spies-should-be-able-to-monitor-all-online-messaging-says-David-Cameron.html.

24. Eric Lichtblau and Katie Benner, “Apple Fights Order to Unlock San Bernardino Gunman’s iPhone,” New York Times, February 17, 2016, http://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/18/technology/apple-timothy-cook-fbi-san-bernardino.html?_r=0.

25. Laura Sydell, “In Apple Security Case, Obama Calls to Strike a Balance,” National Public Radio, March 12, 2016, http://www.npr.org/2016/03/12/470194268/in-apple-security-case-obama-calls-to-strike-a-balance.

26. Andrew Sparrow, “WhatsApp must be accessible to authorities, says Amber Rudd,” Guardian (UK), March 26, 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/mar/26/intelligence-services-access-whatsapp-amber-rudd-westminster-attack-encrypted-messaging.

27. Jamie Grierson, “Met Chief: Tech Industry Must Put House in Order after Westminster Attack,” Guardian (UK), March 29, 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/mar/29/acting-met-chief-craig-mackey-tech-industry-house-in-order-westminster-attack.

28. David Welna, “The Next Encryption Battleground: Congress,” National Public Radio, April 14, 2016, http://www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2016/04/14/474113249/the-next-encryption-battleground-congress.

29. Tony Romm, “Apple Hires NFL, Biden Veteran for Key Policy Role,” Politico, April 14, 2016, http://www.politico.com/story/2016/04/apple-hires-cynthia-hogan-221937.

30. Cecilia Kang, “Police and Tech Giants Wrangle over Encryption on Capitol Hill,” New York Times, May 8, 2016, http://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/09/technology/police-and-tech-giants-wrangle-over-encryption-on-capitol-hill.html?_r=0.

31. Joe Uchill, “Apple: Security Vulnerabilities Revealed by WikiLeaks No Longer Work,” The Hill, March 23, 2017, https://thehill.com/business-a-lobbying/325579-apple-new-wikileaked-vulnerabilities-no-longer-work.

32. Matt Burgess, “WikiLeaks Drops ‘Grasshopper’ Documents, Part Four of Its CIA Vault 7 Files,” Wired, May 7, 2017, http://www.wired.co.uk/article/cia-files-wikileaks-vault-7.

33. Ibid.

34. Scott Shane, David E. Sanger, and Vindu Goel, “WikiLeaks Will Help Tech Companies Fix Security Flaws, Assange Says,” New York Times, March 9, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/09/us/wikileaks-julian-assange-cia-hacking.html.

35. Kif Leswing, “Apple Totally Dissed WikiLeaks This Week—Here’s Why,” Business Insider, March 26, 2017, http://www.businessinsider.com/apple-vs-wikileaks-why-tech-isnt-happy-with-julian-assange-2017-3.

36. Ibid.

37. Dustin Volz and Joseph Menn, “WikiLeaks Offers CIA Hacking Tools to Tech Companies: Assange,” Reuters, March 9, 2017, http://www.reuters.com/article/us-cia-wikileaks-assange-idUSKBN16G27Y.

38. Thomas Brewster, “Fresh WikiLeaks Dump Shows CIA Was Hacking iPhones a Year after Launch,” Forbes, March 23, 2017, https://www.forbes.com/sites/thomasbrewster/2017/03/23/wikileaks-cia-apple-mac-iphone-hacking/#bf402381e3b4.

39. Anick Jesdanun and Michael Liedtke, “WikiLeaks’ Offer to Help Tech Companies with CIA Software Holes Could Be Mixed,” Chicago Tribune, March 9, 2017, http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/ct-wikileaks-cia-hacking-20170309-story.html.

40. Ibid.

41. Ibid.

42. Rhiannon Williams, “Tim Cook Urges FBI Reform to Respect Privacy in Letter to Staff,” Telegraph (UK), February 22, 2016, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2016/02/22/tim-cook-urges-fbi-reform-to-respect-privacy/.

43. Nancy Gibbs and Lev Grossman, “Here’s the Full Transcript of Time’s Interview with Tim Cook,” Time, March 17, 2016, http://time.com/4261796/tim-cook-transcript/.

44. Craig Federighi, “Apple VP: The FBI Wants to Roll Back Safeguards That Keep Us a Step Ahead of Criminals,” Washington Post, March 6, 2016, https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/apple-vp-the-fbi-wants-to-roll-back-safeguards-that-keep-us-a-step-ahead-of-criminals/2016/03/06/cceb0622-e3d1-11e5-a6f3-21ccdbc5f74e_story.html.

45. Tim Cook, “A Message to Our Customers,” Apple, February 16, 2016, http://www.apple.com/customer-letter/.

46. Steve Bellovin, “Hi Techies!,” Institute for Communitarian Policy Studies, 2016, https://icps.gwu.edu/hi-techies-0.

47. Philip A. Schrodt, “Hi Techies!,” Institute for Communitarian Policy Studies, 2016, https://icps.gwu.edu/hi-techies-0.

48. David Bantz, “Hi Techies!,” Institute for Communitarian Policy Studies, 2016, https://icps.gwu.edu/hi-techies-0.

49. Cyrus R. Vance Jr., “Privacy and Security in a Digital Age” (panel speaker, Council on Foreign Relations, Washington, DC, May 11, 2016), http://www.cfr.org/privacy/privacy-security-digital-age/p37845.

50. Ibid.

51. Ibid.

52. Amitai Etzioni, The New Golden Rule: Community and Morality in a Democratic Society (New York: Basic, 1996).

53. Beth Stephens, “Are Corporations People? Corporate Personhood under the Constitution and International Law,” Rutgers Law Journal 44, no. 1 (2013): 1.

1. United Kingdom, Office for National Statistics, International Migrants in England and Wales: 2011, December, 11, 2012, https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/internationalmigration/articles/internationalmigrantsinenglandandwales/2012-12-11.

2. Thomas Hylland-Eriksen, Immigration and National Identity in Norway (Washington, DC: Migration Policy Institute, March 2013).

3. Joaquín Arango, Exceptional in Europe? Spain’s Experience with Immigration and Integration (Washington, DC: Migration Policy Institute, March 2013).

4. European Commission, Standard Eurobarometer 88: Europeans’ Opinion of the European Union’s Priorities (2017), https://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/index.cfm/ResultDoc/download/DocumentKy/82875.

5. Rogers Brubaker distinguishes between two different meanings of assimilation: one is general and abstract and refers to increasing similarity. The other is specific and organic and refers to absorption into a system and conversion. In the first sense, the focus of assimilation is a process, not a final state. In the second sense, assimilation is focused on an end state, and thus assimilation is either achieved or it is not; there are no degrees (see Rogers Brubaker, “The Return of Assimilation? Changing Perspectives on Immigration and Its Sequels in France, Germany, and the United States,” Ethnic and Racial Studies 24, no. 4 [2001]: 531–48).

6. Michèle Tribalat, De l’immigration à l’assimilation: Enquête sur les populations d’origine étrangère en France (Paris: La Découverte/INED, 1996); Gérard Noiriel, “Difficulties in French Historical Research on Immigration,” Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 46, no. 1 (1992): 21–35.

7. Frédéric Mayet, “Laïcité à Montpellier: Des jupes longues font débat au collège des Garrigues,” Midi Libre, March 31, 2015, https://www.midilibre.fr/2015/03/31/le-college-des-garrigues-est-soucieux-de-sa-laicite,1144142.php; Stephen Snyder, “Sorry, Your Skirt Is Too Long for France,” Public Radio International, May 1, 2015, http://www.pri.org/stories/2015-05-01/sorry-your-skirt-too-long-france.

8. Angelique Chrisafis, “Pork or Nothing: How School Dinners Are Dividing France,” Guardian (UK), October 13, 2015, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/13/pork-school-dinners-france-secularism-children-religious-intolerance; see also Shadi Hamid, Islamic Exceptionalism: How the Struggle over Islam Is Reshaping the World (New York: St. Martin’s, 2016).

9. Bhikhu Parekh, The Future of Multi-Ethnic Britain: Report of the Commission on the Future of Multi-Ethnic Britain (London: Profile, 2000).

10. Jamie Mayerfeld, “The Myth of Benign Group Identity: A Critique of Liberal Nationalism,” Polity 30, no. 4 (1998): 555–78.

11. David Goodhart, “A Postliberal Future?,” Demos Quarterly 1 (2014), http://quarterly.demos.co.uk/article/issue-1/a-postliberal-future/.

12. Tim King, “Belgium Is a Failed State,” Politico, December 2, 2015, http://www.politico.eu/article/belgium-failed-state-security-services-molenbeek-terrorism/.

13. Ellie Vasta, “From Ethnic Minorities to Ethnic Majority Policy: Multiculturalism and the Shift to Assimilationism in the Netherlands,” Ethnic and Racial Studies 30, no. 5 (2007): 713–40.

14. Monique Kremer, The Netherlands: From National Identity to Plural Identifications (Washington, DC: Migration Policy Institute, 2013).

15. Melissa Eddy, “Reports of Attacks on Women in Germany Heighten Tension over Migrants,” New York Times, January 5, 2016, http://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/06/world/europe/coordinated-attacks-on-women-in-cologne-were-unprecedented-germany-says.html.

16. Andrea Nahles, “Ohne Integration werden die Leistungen gekürzt,” Frankfurter Allgemeine, January 31, 2016, http://www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/inland/andrea-nahles-fordert-fluechtlinge-auf-sich-zu-integrieren-14044777.html.

17. Germany, Federal Office for Migration and Refugees, Content and Scheduling, December 17, 2015, http://www.bamf.de/EN/Willkommen/DeutschLernen/Integrationskurse/InhaltAblauf/inhaltablauf-node.html.

18. The Diversity within Unity platform, which was originally drafted in 2001 with the help of thirty-three scholars and public intellectuals and has since been endorsed by many others, including government ministers (see “The Diversity within Unity Platform,” https://communitariannetwork.org/diversity-within-unity).

19. Andreas Tzortzis, “In Europe, Quizzes Probe Values of Potential Citizen,” Christian Science Monitor, April 10, 2006, https://www.csmonitor.com/2006/0410/p01s04-woeu.html.

20. Hamida Ghafour, “For Dutch Muslims, There’s a Chill in the Air,” Globe and Mail (Canada), March 15, 2005, F3.

21. “Can You Pass a Citizenship Test?,” BBC News, June 16, 2005, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/4099770.stm.

22. I use the term “national ethos” throughout this chapter. The concept is perhaps similar to the “national identity” discussed by Smith or Huntington, but “ethos” better captures the image of a central essence that remains stable even as other elements around it are transformed (see Anthony D. Smith, National Identity [Reno: University of Nevada Press, 1991]; and Samuel Huntington, Who Are We? Challenges to America’s National Identity [New York: Simon and Schuster, 2004]).

23. Kjell Magne Bondevik, “Speech on the Politics of European Values” (speech, The Hague, Netherlands, September 7, 2004), https://www.regjeringen.no/en/aktuelt/the_politics_of_european_values,/id268847/.

24. Cordelia Bonal and Laure Équy, “L’identité nationale selon Sarkozy,” Liberation, November 2, 2009, http://www.liberation.fr/france/2009/11/02/l-identite-nationale-selon-sarkozy_591481.

25. Jon Stone, “Britain Must Defend Its Christian Values against Terrorism, David Cameron Says,” Independent (UK), March 27, 2016, http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/david-cameron-easter-message-2016-christian-values-christian-country-a6954996.html.

26. Agence France-Presse, “Norway Goes Secular, Removes Lutheran Church as State Religion,” National Post (Canada), May 24, 2012, http://news.nationalpost.com/holy-post/norway-goes-secular-removes-lutheran-church-as-state-religion.

27. T. R. Reid, “Church of Sweden Is Thriving on Its Own,” Washington Post, December 29, 2000, https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2000/12/29/church-of-sweden-is-thriving-on-its-own/2a52605f-40c4-43f6-b1cd-9c16f7b27a4e/.

28. Anthony Faiola and Stephanie Kirchner, “Germany Is Trying to Teach Asylum Seekers about Its Liberal Attitudes toward Sex,” Washington Post, May 13, 2016, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/05/13/germany-is-trying-to-teach-refugees-the-right-way-to-have-sex/?utm_term=.1aae49524602.

29. Robert Long and Paul Bolton, “Faith Schools: FAQ,” House of Commons Library, Briefing Paper Number 0697214, October 14, 2015, http://dera.ioe.ac.uk/24532/2/SN06972_Redacted.pdf.

30. Rabbi Jonathan Romain is a frequent critic of such schools, arguing that having children of different religions learning in separate schools leads to “very poor social cement” (see “Face to Faith,” Guardian [UK], April 25, 2008, http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2008/apr/26/religion.faithschools).

31. Micahel Wilshaw, “Her Majesty’s Chief Inspector, on the Inspection of Schools Previously Inspected by the Bridge Schools Inspectorate” (letter, Office for Standards in Education, Children’s Services and Skills, United Kingdom, November 24, 2015), https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/479122/HMCI__advice_note_BSI.pdf.

32. Finnish National Board of Education, “National Curriculum for Upper Secondary Schools 2003,” Reg. No. 33/011/2003, August 27, 2003, http://www.oph.fi/download/47678_core_curricula_upper_secondary_education.pdf.

33. Stefan Dege, “German Muslim Groups React to Burkini Ruling,” Deutsche Welle (Germany), September 12, 2013, http://www.dw.com/en/german-muslim-groups-react-to-burkini-ruling/a-17085656.

34. Adam Taylor, “In Switzerland, Muslim Schoolchildren Who Refuse to Shake Their Teacher’s Hand May Be Fined $5,000,” Washington Post, May 25, 2016, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/05/25/in-switzerland-muslim-schoolchildren-who-refuse-to-shake-their-teachers-hand-may-be-fined-5000/.

35. The Netherlands, Government of the Netherlands, Dual Nationality, https://www.government.nl/topics/dutch-nationality/contents/dual-nationality.

36. The Netherlands, Government of the Netherlands, “Language Learning on Social Assistance Benefit,” news release, June 27, 2014, https://www.government.nl/latest/news/2014/07/01/language-learning-on-social-assistance-benefit.

37. Soeren Kern, “Austria’s Islamic Reforms,” International New York Times, April 7, 2015, 7.

38. King, “Belgium Is a Failed State.”

1. See Jeremy Waldron, Law and Disagreement (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004).

2. Oxford English Dictionary Online, s.v. “Pound of flesh,” http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/149023?redirectedFrom=%22pound+of+flesh%22#eid29089420.

3. Emma Orczy, The Scarlet Pimpernel (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018), 50.

4. Williams v. Walker-Thomas Furniture Company, 350 F.2d 445 (D.C. Cir. 1965).

5. Christine Hauser, “A Yale Dean Lost Her Job after Calling People ‘White Trash’ in Yelp Reviews,” New York Times, June 21, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/21/us/yale-dean-yelp-white-trash.html.

6. Ibid.

7. Ibid.

8. Jeff Weiner, “Winter Park–Based Tampa Professor Fired after Harvey ‘Karma’ Tweet,” Orlando Sentinel, August 29, 2017, http://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/politics/political-pulse/os-tweet-harvey-storey-20170829-story.html.

9. Jose A. DelReal and Ed O’Keefe, “Hill Staffer Elizabeth Lauten Resigns after Remarks about Obama Daughters,” Washington Post, December 1, 2014, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2014/12/01/embattled-hill-staffer-elizabeth-lauten-reportedly-resigns-after-controversial-remarks/?utm_term=.ac0e0d1d2f5d.

10. Ibid.

11. Alex Hern, “Twitter Announces Crackdown on Abuse with New Filter and Tighter Rules,” Guardian (UK), April 21, 2015, https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/apr/21/twitter-filter-notifications-for-all-accounts-abuse.

12. Alison Flood, “Are Americans Falling in Love with Censorship?,” Guardian (UK), August 7, 2015, https://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/aug/07/are-americans-falling-in-love-with-censorship.

13. Snyder v. Phelps, 562 U.S. 443 (2011).

14. McCullen v. Coakley, 134 S. Ct. 2518 (2014).

15. Molly Redden, “12 Horror Stories Show Why Wednesday’s Big Supreme Court Abortion Case Matters,” Mother Jones, January 14, 2014, http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2014/01/abortion-horror-stories-supreme-court-massachusetts-mccullen-coakley/.

16. Adam Liptak, “Cake Is His ‘Art’: So Can He Deny One to a Gay Couple?,” New York Times, September 16, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/16/us/supreme-court-baker-same-sex-marriage.html?mcubz=1.

17. Adam Liptak, “In Narrow Decision, Supreme Court Sides with Baker Who Turned Away Gay Couple,” New York Times, June 4, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/04/us/politics/supreme-court-sides-with-baker-who-turned-away-gay-couple.html.

18. “Bakery Will Stop Making Wedding Cakes after Losing Discrimination Case,” CBS Denver, May 30, 2014, http://denver.cbslocal.com/2014/05/30/bakery-will-stop-making-wedding-cakes-after-losing-discrimination-case/.

19. Shelby Sebens, “Oregon Bakery Pays Damages in Lesbian Wedding Cake Case,” Reuters, December 29, 2015, http://www.reuters.com/article/us-oregon-gaymarriage-idUSKBN0UC1JV20151229.

20. State of Washington v. Arlene’s Flowers, Inc., 389 P.3d 543, 550 (2017).

21. Steven Nelson, “Gay Wedding Flowers Case Heard by State Supreme Court,” U.S. News and World Report, November 15, 2016, http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2016-11-15/gay-wedding-flowers-case-heard-by-state-supreme-court.

22. Ibid.

23. Craig v. Masterpiece Cakeshop, Inc., 370 P.3d 272, 89 (Colo. App. 2015).

24. Id. at 90 (quoting Newman v. Piggie Park Enters, Inc., 256 F. Supp. 941, 945 (D.S.C. 1966)).

25. Id. at 90.

26. Id. at 72.

27. This is what James Oleske Jr., associate professor of law, means when he writes, “Even if one were to carve out exemptions that would allow the refusal of service on religious grounds, it would not hold up because people have a constitutional right to equal protection under the laws” (James Oleske, “The Evolution of Accommodation: Comparing the Unequal Treatment of Religious Objections to Interracial and Same-Sex Marriages,” Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review 50 [2015]: 146). Oleske adds: “Although many Americans had religious objections to interracial marriage in the 1960s, and although some still do today, federal and state antidiscrimination laws have not included exemptions that would allow business owners to deny services based on those beliefs. Likewise, although the New Testament quotes Jesus explicitly condemning divorce . . . state laws prohibiting discrimination based on marital status do not contain exemptions allowing commercial businesses to refuse to facilitate the remarriages of divorced people” (ibid., 144).

28. Anna King, “Washington High Court Hears Case of Florist Who Refused to Serve Gay Wedding,” National Public Radio, November 15, 2016, http://www.npr.org/2016/11/15/502111408/washington-state-court-case-religious-liberty-versus-anti-discrimination.

29. Nelson, “Gay Wedding Flowers Case Heard by State Supreme Court.”

30. Ibid.

31. Craig v. Masterpiece Cakeshop, Inc., 18 (Case No. 2013–0008) (2013). Brief In Opposition to Complainants’ Motion for Summary Judgment and in Support of Jack Phillips’s Cross Motion for Summary Judgment.

32. Id. at 16.

33. Id. at 27.

34. Craig v. Masterpiece Cakeshop, Inc. at 71 (2015).

35. Id.

36. Masterpiece Cakeshop, Ltd. v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission, No. 14CA1351, 8 (Colo. App. 2015), 137 S. Ct. 2290 (No. 16–111). Brief for the United States as Amicus Curiae Supporting Petitioners.

37. Id.

38. Id.

39. Id.

40. Id. at 29.

41. Andrew Koppelman, “A Free Speech Response to the Gay Rights/Religious Liberty Conflict,” Northwestern University Law Review 110 (2016): 1128.

42. Ibid., 1129.

43. Ibid., 1148.

44. Nelson, “Gay Wedding Flowers Case Heard by State Supreme Court.”

45. Oleske, “The Evolution of Accommodation,” 102.

46. Nelson, “Gay Wedding Flowers Case Heard by State Supreme Court.”

47. Greg Stohr, “U.S. Supreme Court Leaves Intact Mississippi Law Curbing Gay Rights,” Bloomberg, January 8, 2018, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-01-08/u-s-high-court-leaves-intact-mississippi-law-curbing-gay-rights.

48. Sarah Pulliam Bailey, “Can LGBT Rights and Religious Rights Coexist? Kim Davis-Like Case Tests the Waters,” Washington Post, February 7, 2018, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/acts-of-faith/wp/2018/02/07/can-lgbt-rights-and-religious-rights-coexist-kim-davis-like-case-tests-the-waters/?utm_term=.3ad7e74d08e7.

49. Ibid.

50. Ibid.

51. David Brooks, “How Not to Advance Gay Marriage,” New York Times, December 4, 2007, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/04/opinion/gay-marriage-cake-case.html.

1. Encyclopædia Britannica, s.v. “General will,” https://www.britannica.com/topic/general-will; Christopher Bertram, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, ed. Edward N. Zalta (2018), s.v. “Jean Jacques Rousseau,” https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2018/entries/rousseau/.

2. This concept is derived from the Supreme Court’s ruling in Buckley v. Valeo, which struck down independent expenditure limits as a violation of the First Amendment, although it was never stated quite that explicitly. The Court reasoned, “The expenditure limitations . . . represent substantial, rather than merely theoretical, restraints on the quantity and diversity of political speech” (424 US 1, 19 [1976]).

3. Bribery of Public Officials and Witnesses, 18 U.S.C. § 201, https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/USCODE-2012-title18/html/USCODE-2012-title18-partI-chap11-sec201.htm.

4. United States v. Sun-Diamond Growers of California, 526 U.S 398, 406–407. This example deals with neither Congress members nor campaign contributions, yet nonetheless gives one an idea of something insubstantial, as well as illustrates the Court’s concern about laws that could be construed to criminalize something trivial.

5. Jill Ornitz and Ryan Struyk, “Donald Trump’s Surprisingly Honest Lessons about Big Money in Politics,” ABC News, August 11, 2015, http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/donald-trumps-surprisingly-honest-lessons-big-money-politics/story?id=32993736.

6. Anahad O’Connor, “Herbal Supplements Are Often Not What They Seem,” New York Times, November 3, 2013, https://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/05/science/herbal-supplements-are-often-not-what-they-seem.html.

7. Evan Osnos, “Embrace the Irony,” New Yorker, October 13, 2014.

8. Unlawful Employment Practices, 42 U.S. Code § 2000e–2.

9. Dothard v. Rawlinson, 433 U.S. 321 (1977).

10. Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967, Pub. L. 90–202, 29 U.S.C. § 621 (1967).

11. Western Air Lines v. Criswell, 472 U.S. 400 (1985)

12. Griggs v. Duke Power Co., 401 US 424 (1971).

13. West’s Encyclopedia of American Law, 2nd. ed. (2008), s.v. “Reasonable person,” http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Reasonable+Person.

14. Citizens United v. Federal Election Comm’n, 558 U. S. 310, 360 (2010).

15. Cyra Master, “‘60 Minutes’: Fundraising Demands Turning Lawmakers into Telemarketers,” The Hill, April 24, 2016, http://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/news/277462-60-minutes-fundraising-demands-turning-lawmakers-into.

16. Tracy Jan, “For Freshman in Congress, Focus Is on Raising Money,” Boston Globe, May 12, 2013, https://www.bostonglobe.com/news/politics/2013/05/11/freshman-lawmakers-are-introduced-permanent-hunt-for-campaign-money/YQMMMoqCNxGKh2h0tOIF9H/story.html.

17. For example, there were 705 roll call votes in the House and 339 in the Senate during the first session of the 114th Congress.

18. Paul Blumenthal, “Fossil Fuel Company Super PAC Gifts Came before Congress Ended the Oil Export Ban,” Huffington Post, February 3, 2016, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/fossil-fuel-super-pac-donors_us_56b25c5ae4b04f9b57d82d06.

19. Billy House and Erik Wasson, “Congress Passes U.S. Spending Bill to End Oil Export Ban,” Bloomberg, December 18, 2015, http://www.bloomberg.com/politics/articles/2015-12-18/house-passes-u-s-spending-bill-that-ends-crude-oil-export-ban.

20. Clifford Krauss and Diane Cardwell, “Expected Repeal of Oil Export Ban Unlikely to Have Immediate Impact,” New York Times, December 16, 2015, http://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/17/business/energy-environment/expected-repeal-of-oil-export-ban-unlikely-to-have-immediate-impact.html.

21. Emily Atkin, “Senate Passes Bill to Approve Construction of Keystone XL Pipeline,” Think Progress, January 29, 2015, https://thinkprogress.org/senate-passes-bill-to-approve-construction-of-keystone-xl-pipeline-13451fc504a0#.k8ctzrh3h.

22. Anne Baker, “The More Outside Money Politicians Take, the Less Well They Represent Their Constituents,” Washington Post, August 17, 2016, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2016/08/17/members-of-congress-follow-the-money-not-the-voters-heres-the-evidence/#comments.

23. McCutcheon v. Fed. Elections Comm’n, 893 F. Supp. 2d 133 (D.D.C. 2012), Complaint at 10–11 (No. l:12-cv-01034-JEB).

24. Id. at 11–12.

25. Richard Briffault, “Of Constituents and Contributors,” University of Chicago Legal Forum 3 (2015): 31.

26. Ibid., 34.

27. Joseph Weeks, “Bribes, Gratuities and the Congress: The Institutionalized Corruption of the Political Process, the Impotence of Criminal Law to Reach It, and a Proposal for Change,” Journal of Legislation 13 (1986): 138.

28. United States v. Helstoski, 442 U.S. 477, 488–489 (1979). The Court later states that “[t]he Speech or Debate Clause was designed neither to assure fair trials nor to avoid coercion. Rather, its purpose was to preserve the constitutional structure of separate, coequal, and independent branches of government” (Helstoski at 491).

29. Weeks, “Bribes, Gratuities and the Congress,” 141.

30. United States v. Apfelbaum, 445 U.S. 115 (1980).

31. Nevada Commission on Ethics v. Carrigan, 564 U.S. 117, 126–127 (2011).

32. “The term independent expenditure means an expenditure by a person for a communication expressly advocating the election or defeat of a clearly identified candidate that is not made in cooperation, consultation, or concert with, or at the request or suggestion of, a candidate, a candidate’s authorized committee, or their agents, or a political party committee or its agents” (11 CFR §100.16[a]).

33. Citizens United v. Federal Election Comm’n, quoting Buckley v. Valeo, 47.

34. Andrew Mayersohn, “Four Years after Citizens United: The Fallout,” Open Secrets, January 21, 2014, http://www.opensecrets.org/news/2014/01/four-years-after-citizens-united-the-fallout/.

35. Matea Gold, “It’s Bold, but Legal: How Campaigns and Their Super PAC Backers Work Together,” Washington Post, July 6, 2015, https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/here-are-the-secret-ways-super-pacs-and-campaigns-can-work-together/2015/07/06/bda78210-1539-11e5-89f3-61410da94eb1_story.html.

36. Matea Gold, “Election 2014: A New Level of Collaboration between Candidates and Big-Money Allies,” Washington Post, November 3, 2014, https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/election-2014-a-new-level-of-collaboration-between-candidates-and-big-money-allies/2014/11/03/ec2bda9a-636f-11e4-836c-83bc4f26eb67_story.html.

37. Matea Gold, “Now It’s Even Easier for Candidates and Their Aides to Help Super PACs,” Washington Post, December 24, 2015, https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/now-its-even-easier-for-candidates-and-their-aides-to-help-super-pacs/2015/12/24/d8d1ff4a-a989-11e5-9b92-dea7cd4b1a4d_story.html.

38. “Strengthen Rules Preventing Candidate Coordination with Super PACs,” Brennan Center, February 4, 2016, https://www.brennancenter.org/analysis/strengthen-rules-preventing-candidate-coordination-super-pacs#_ftn3.

39. Gold, “It’s Bold but Legal.”

40. Gold, “Election 2014.”

41. Bradley A. Smith, Campaign Finance Regulation: Faulty Assumptions and Undemocratic Consequences (Washington, DC: Cato Institute Policy Analysis 238, 1995), http://www.cato.org/pubs/pas/pa238.html#30.

42. Russ Choma, “Money Won on Tuesday, But Rules of the Game Changed,” Open Secrets, November 5, 2014, https://www.opensecrets.org/news/2014/11/money-won-on-tuesday-but-rules-of-the-game-changed/.

43. Ibid.

44. U.S. Constitution, First Amendment. Zephyr Teachout points out that lobbying was not always viewed as a constitutionally protected right in “The Forgotten Law of Lobbying,” Election Law Journal 13 (2014): 4. Similarly, Maggie McKinley asserts that people are mistaken when they assume that lobbying is protected by the First Amendment and that the issue has never been decided by the Supreme Court (Maggie McKinley, “Lobbying and the Petition Clause,” Stanford Law Review 68 [2016]).

45. Buckley v. Valeo, at 56.

46. “Campaign Finance: United Kingdom,” Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/law/help/campaign-finance/uk.php.

47. “2015 Election Campaign Officially Begins on Friday,” BBC News, December 18, 2014, http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-30477250.

48. Ibid.

49. “Campaign Finance,” Library of Congress.

50. Ian Jones, “Get Ready for the Longest Official Campaign in Modern History,” Reuters, July 3, 2014, https://ukgeneralelection.com/2014/07/03/get-ready-for-the-longest-official-campaign-in-modern-history/.

51. Andy Williams, UK Government & Politics (Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 1998).

52. Richard L. Hasen, “New York City as a Model for Campaign Finance Laws?,” New York Times, June 27, 2011, https://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2011/06/27/the-court-and-the-future-of-public-financing/new-york-city-as-a-model-for-campaign-finance-laws.

53. Committee on Ethics, “‘Widely Attended’ Events,” U.S. House of Representatives, http://ethics.house.gov/gifts/gift-exceptions-0/widely-attended-events.

54. Weeks, “Bribes, Gratuities and the Congress,” 125.

55. Buckley v. Valeo, 22.

56. Id. at 52.

57. Id. at 52–53.

58. Id. at 45.

59. Citizens United v. Federal Election Comm’n.

60. McCutcheon v. Fed. Election Comm’n, 134 S. Ct. 1434 (2014).

61. Eric Schmitt, “Senate Rejects Campaign Finance Amendment,” New York Times, March 19, 1997, https://www.nytimes.com/1997/03/19/us/senate-rejects-campaign-finance-amendment.html; Associated Press, “Campaign Spending Curb Defeated,” New York Times, September 11, 2014, http://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/12/us/campaign-spending-curb-defeated.html?_r=0.

62. Derek Willis, “Every Election Is the Most Expensive Election. Or Not,” New York Times, December 16, 2014, http://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/17/upshot/every-election-is-the-most-expensive-election-or-not.html.

63. “Cost of Election,” OpenSecrets, n.d., https://www.opensecrets.org/overview/cost.php?display=T&infl=N.

64. Niv M. Sultan, “Election 2016: Trump’s Free Media Helped Keep Cost Down, but Fewer Donors Provided More of the Cash,” OpenSecrets, April 13, 2017, https://www.opensecrets.org/news/2017/04/election-2016-trump-fewer-donors-provided-more-of-the-cash/.

65. McCutcheon v. Fed. Election Comm’n, 35 (2014).

66. Ann Florini, “Introduction: The Battle of Transparency,” in The Right to Know: Transparency for an Open World, ed. Ann Florini (New York: Columbia University Press, 2007), 4.

67. Daniel Kahneman, Jack Knetsch, and Richard Thaler, “Anomalies: The Endowment Effect, Loss Aversion, and Status Quo Bias,” Journal of Economic Perspectives 5 (1991): 193–206; J. Edward Russo and Paul J. H. Shoemaker, Decision Traps: Ten Barriers to Brilliant Decision-Making and How to Overcome Them (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1989); Arthur Lefford, “The Influence of Emotional Subject Matter on Logical Reasoning,” Journal of General Psychology 34 (1946): 127–51; Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman, “Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases,” Science 185 (1974): 1124–31; Marco Cipriani and Antonio Guarino, “Herd Behavior and Contagion in Financial Markets,” B.E. Journal of Theoretical Economics 8 (2008); Robert H. Frank, Thomas Gilovich, and Dennis T. Regan, “Does Studying Economics Inhibit Cooperation?,” Journal of Economic Perspectives 7 (1993): 159–71.

68. Reporting Group, “Nine Things You Need to Know about Super PACs,” Sunlight Foundation, January 31, 2012, https://sunlightfoundation.com/blog/2012/01/31/nine-things-you-need-know-about-super-pacs/.

69. Political Nonprofits (Dark Money), OpenSecrets, n.d., https://www.opensecrets.org/outsidespending/nonprof_summ.php.

70. Fredreka Schouten, “Super PACs Hide Their Intentions behind Fuzzy Names,” USA Today, February 11, 2014, http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2014/02/11/super-pac-names/5375699/.

71. Buckley v. Valeo.

72. See Lawrence Lessig, America, Compromised (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2018).

73. United States v. Sun-Diamond Growers of California, 414.

74. Id.

1. For a discussion on how American nationalism and foreign policy have evolved in tandem, see Henry R. Nau, “America’s International Nationalism,” American Scholar 12, no. 3 (2017).

2. Robert Kagan, “The Cost of American Retreat,” Wall Street Journal, September 8–9, 2018; Ivo H. Daadler and James M. Lindsay, The Empty Throne: America’s Abdication of Global Leadership (New York: Public Affairs, 2018).

3. Robert Kagan, “The Twilight of the Liberal World Order,” Brookings Institution, January 24, 2017, https://www.brookings.edu/research/the-twilight-of-the-liberal-world-order/.

4. For more on the concept of “lag,” see William F. Ogburn, “Cultural Lag as Theory,” Sociology and Social Research 41, no. 3 (1957): 167–74.

5. I prefer this term to “multilateral overreach,” used to reference similar developments by Jeff Colgan and Robert Keohane because I do consider the setback temporary (see Jeff D. Colgan and Robert O. Keohane, “The Liberal Order Is Rigged,” Foreign Affairs 96, no. 3 [2017], https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/world/2017-04-17/liberal-order-rigged).

6. Further, national governments are overloaded with domestic considerations (see Ian Bremmer, Us vs. Them: The Failure of Globalism (New York: Penguin Random House, 2018).

7. John B. Judis. The Nationalist Revival: Trade, Immigration, and the Revolt against Globalization (New York: Columbia Global Reports, 2018).

8. Paraphrasing John Mearsheimer: Once you grant individuals in all nations the same rights, you are essentially universalist (John J. Mearsheimer, “Book Launch: The Great Delusion” [speech, Center for Strategic & International Studies, Washington, DC, October 17, 2018], https://www.csis.org/events/book-launch-great-delusion). See also John J. Mearsheimer, The Great Delusion: Liberal Dreams and International Realities (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2018).

9. Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (Brooklyn, NY: Verso, 1983).

10. See Ernst B. Haas, “International Integration: The European and the Universal Process,” International Organization 15, no. 3 (1961): 366–92.

11. Amitai Etzioni addresses Ernst B. Haas and Karl Deutsch on their definition of integration. Haas and Deutsch, according to Etzioni, believe that a common government is a sufficient condition for a union to be deemed highly integrated. Noting the example of the Hapsburg Empire, Etzioni writes, “From our viewpoint, these countries are only partially integrated; they lack at least one central element of integration, that of being the dominant focus of political identification of their citizens” (Amitai Etzioni, Political Unification Revisited: On Building Supranational Communities [Lanham, MD: Lexington, 2001], 56). Refers to Karl W. Deutsch, Political Community and the North American Area (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1957).

12. See James Caporaso, “The European Union and Forms of State: Westphalian, Regulatory or Post-Modern? A Logical and Empirical Assessment,” Journal of Common Market Studies 34, no. 1 (1996): 29–52.

13. Business Green Staff, “Green Groups Take EU to Court over Biofuels—Again,” Guardian (UK), May 26, 2011, http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/may/26/biofuels-energy.

14. For a compendium of areas in which QMV was instated from 1957 to 2004, see Vaughne Miller, The Extension of Qualified Majority Voting from the Treaty of Rome to the European Constitution, House of Commons Library, Research Paper No. 04/54, 2004, 10–18.

15. Vinter and Others v. The United Kingdom (European Court of Human Rights, July 9, 2013).

16. “Ministers Angry at European Whole-Life Tariffs Ruling,” BBC News, July 9, 2013, http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-23245254.

17. Melissa Eddy, “Far-Right Gains Leave Germans Wondering, What Now?” New York Times, September 29, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/29/world/europe/germany-election-far-right.html.

18. John Cassidy, “Why the Center Collapsed in Italy: Recession, Austerity, and Immigration,” New Yorker, March 5, 2018, https://www.newyorker.com/news/our-columnists/why-the-center-collapsed-in-italy-recession-austerity-and-immigration.

19. “Europe’s Rising Far Right: A Guide to the Most Prominent Parties,” New York Times, December 4, 2016, https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/world/europe/europe-far-right-political-parties-listy.html.

20. For some suggestions, see Amitai Etzioni, From Empire to Community: A New Approach to International Relations (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004); Amitai Etzioni, “Nationalism: The Communitarian Block,” Brown Journal of World Affairs 18, no. 1 (2011): 229–47.

21. Ferdinand Tönnies, Community and Society (Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft), trans. and ed. Charles P. Loomis (East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1957).

22. A reviewer of a previous draft noted here that the transition Tönnies points to is not from social relations to atomization but merely a change in the kind of relations people have, from communal to associational. This is indeed the case, but the point is that these are not thick enough.

23. Yuval Levin notes that both conservatives and liberals are nostalgic for a bygone era: liberals miss the 1960s and the Great Society, conservatives miss the 1980s, and both are nostalgic for the 1950s, but for different reasons (see Yuval Levin, The Fractured Republic: Renewing America’s Social Contract in the Age of Individualism [New York: Basic, 2016]).

24. Amy Goldstein, Janesville: An American Story (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2017). In February 2018, the Economist ran a piece titled “Meritocracy and Its Discontents” that noted: “Today’s meritocrats are not only smug because they think they are intellectually superior. They are smug because they also think that they are morally superior, convinced that people who don’t share their cosmopolitan values are simple-minded bigots.”

25. Arlie Russell Hochschild, Strangers in Their Own Land: Anger and Mourning on the American Right (New York: New Press, 2016).

26. Anne-Marie Slaughter, “The Real New World Order,” Foreign Affairs 76, no. 5 (September/October 1997): 183–97. See also Anne-Marie Slaughter, The Chess Board and the Web: Strategies of Connection in a Networked World (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2017).

27. David Singh Grewal, Network Power: The Social Dynamics of Globalization (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2009).

28. Amartya Sen, Identity and Violence: The Illusion of Destiny (New York: Norton, 2006).

29. Kwame Anthony Appiah, Cosmopolitanism: Ethics in a World of Strangers (New York: Norton, 2006).

30. I refer to it as the Westphalian norm because while it was enshrined in the 1648 Treaty by that name, reference is not to the text of the treaty but to the very wide acceptance of the normative concept reflected in the treaty and supported since.

31. G. John Ikenberry, Liberal Leviathan: The Origins, Crisis, and Transformation of the American World Order (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2012), 21.

32. Andreas Osiander writes that “Westphalia” is purportedly a narrative about 1648 but is more the product of nineteenth- and twentieth-century fixations on the concept of sovereignty (see Andreas Osiander, “Sovereignty, International Relations, and the Westphalian Myth,” International Organization 55, no. 2 [2001]: 251–87).

33. Alex Bellamy and Tim Dunne, eds., The Oxford Handbook of the Responsibility to Protect (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016).

34. For an exchange with Ikenberry on this subject, see G. John Ikenberry and Amitai Etzioni, “Point of Order: Is China More Westphalian Than the West?,” Foreign Affairs 90, no. 6 (November/December 2011): 172–76.

35. Ramesh Thakur, “Law, Legitimacy and United Nations,” Melbourne Journal of International Law 11 (2010): 1.

36. Georg Sørensen, A Liberal World Order in Crisis: Choosing between Imposition and Restraint (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2011).

37. Amitai Etzioni, “Defining down Sovereignty,” Ethics & International Affairs 30, no. 1 (2016).

38. Richard Haass, “World Order 2.0,” Foreign Affairs 96, no. 1 (January/February 2017).

39. For an alternative perspective, see the most recent book by Robert Kagan of Brookings, The Jungle Grows Back: America and Our Imperiled World. In Kagan’s view, weakening grounds for enforcement of international norms through sanctions and intervention create a less stable world order in the long run (Robert Kagan, The Jungle Grows Back: America and Our Imperiled World [New York: Knopf, 2018]).

40. Francis Fukuyama, “The End of History,” National Interest 16 (1989): 3–18.

41. See Stephen M. Walt, The Hell of Good Intentions: America’s Foreign Policy Elite and the Decline of U.S. Primacy (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2018).

42. See Nils Petter Gleditsch, Lene Siljeholm Christiansen, and Håvard Hegre, “Democratic Jihad? Military Intervention and Democracy,” World Bank Policy Research Working Paper no. 4242 (2007), http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTCONFLICT/Resources/DemocraticJihadFinal.pdf.

43. Amitai Etzioni, Security First: For a Muscular, Moral Foreign Policy (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2007).

44. An empirical study by Dursun Peksen found that military intervention actually encourages repressive state behavior and that the involvement of an intergovernmental organization or a liberal democracy as an intervener is unlikely to make any major difference on the negative impact of intervention (see Dursun Peksen, “Does Foreign Military Intervention Help Human Rights?,” Political Research Quarterly 65, no. 3 [2012]: 558–71.

45. Yoram Hazony, The Virtue of Nationalism (New York: Basic, 2018).

46. G. John Ikenberry, “The Liberal International Order and Its Discontents,” Millennium: Journal of International Studies 30, no. 3 (2010).

47. G. John Ikenberry, “The Future of the Liberal World Order: Internationalism after America,” Foreign Affairs 90, no. 3 (May/June 2011): 56, http://www.jstor.org/stable/23039408.

48. Jeff D. Colgan and Robert O. Keohane, “The Liberal Order Is Rigged,” Foreign Affairs 96, no. 3 (May/June 2017): 37, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/world/2017-04-17/liberal-order-rigged. See also Michael N. Barnett, “Bringing in the New World Order: Liberalism, Legitimacy, and the United Nations,” World Politics 49, no. 4 (1997): 526–51, http://www.jstor.org/stable/25054018.

49. Michael J. Glennon, “The Fog of Law: Self-Defense, Inherence, and Incoherence in Article 51 of the United Nations Charter,” Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy 25, no. 2 (2002): 540.

50. Richard Haass, A World in Disarray: American Foreign Policy and the Crisis of the Old Order (New York: Penguin, 2017).

51. In 2014, Human Rights Watch noted that five of the fourteen new members elected to the council—China, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Vietnam, and Algeria—have themselves denied access to UN human rights monitors seeking to investigate alleged abuses (see “Concerns over New UN Human Rights Council Members,” BBC News, November 13, 2013, http://www.bbc.com/news/world-24922058).

52. Robin Niblett, “Liberalism in Retreat: The Demise of a Dream,” Foreign Affairs 96, no. 1 (January/February 2017): 17, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/2016-12-12/liberalism-retreat.

53. Robert E. Scott, “Manufacturing Job Loss: Trade, Not Productivity, Is the Culprit,” Economic Policy Institute, August 11, 2015, http://www.epi.org/publication/manufacturing-job-loss-trade-not-productivity-is-the-culprit/.

54. David Lawder, “IMF Chief Says All Members Believe in Free, Fair Trade,” Reuters, April 19, 2017, http://www.reuters.com/article/us-imf-g20-lagarde-idUSKBN17L2L6?il=0.

55. Buzan and Lawson see in the fact that all great powers have embraced capitalism a decline in their ideological differences and hence improved conditions for working out disagreements (see Barry Buzan and George Lawson, “Capitalism and the Emergent World Order,” International Affairs 90, no. 1 [2014]).

56. For a fuller treatment of reactionary thinking, see Mark Lilla, The Shipwrecked Mind: On Political Reaction (New York: New York Review of Books, 2016).

57. For more on border checks within the Schengen area, see “They Shall Not Pass,” Economist, October 27, 2018, 51.

58. James Kraska, Maritime Power and the Law of the Sea: Expeditionary Operations in World Politics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011).

59. Peter A. Dutton, “Caelum Liberum: Air Defense Identification Zones outside Sovereign Airspace,” American Journal of International Law 103, no. 4 (2009): 691–709.

60. On this point, see Andrew Hurrell, On Global Order (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007); and Amitai Etzioni, From Empire to Community: A New Approach to International Relations (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004).

1. See Sarah Churchwell, Behold, America: The Entangled History of “America First” and “the American Dream” (New York: Basic, 2018).

2. I have been asked why a globalist or cosmopolitan movement could not be concerned with the same issues. First of all, there are very few global movements; most movements that seem global are mainly a combination of national ones. Second, the magnitude of change involved is such that they require the support of an existing community—which has yet to be formed on a global level.

3. Frank M. Andrews and Stephen Bassett Withey, Social Indicators of Well-Being: America’s Perceptions of Life Quality (New York: Plenum, 1976).

4. Jonathan L. Freedman, Happy People: What Happiness Is, Who Has It, and Why (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1978).

5. David G. Myers and Ed Diener, “Who Is Happy,” Psychological Science 6, no. 1 (January 1995): 12–13.

6. Ibid.

7. Ibid.

8. Richard Easterlin, “Does Economic Growth Improve the Human Lot? Some Empirical Evidence,” in Nations and Households in Economic Growth: Essays in Honor of Moses Abramovitz, ed. Paul A. David and Melvin W. Reder (New York: Academic, 1974).

9. Richard Easterlin, “Diminishing Marginal Utility of Income? Caveat Emptor,” Social Indicators Research 70, no. 3 (2005).

10. Richard Easterlin, “Does Money Buy Happiness?,” Public Interest 30 (1973).

11. David G. Myers and Ed Diener, “The Pursuit of Happiness,” Scientific American 274, no. 5 (1996): 70–72.

12. Ruut Veenhoven and Michael Hagerty, “Rising Happiness in Nations 1946–2004,” Social Indicators Research 79, no. 3 (2006).

13. Ibid.

14. Ruut Veenhoven and Floris Vergunst, “The Easterlin Illusion: Economic Growth Does Go with Greater Happiness,” EHERO working paper 2013/1, January 23, 2013, http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/43983/1/MPRA_paper_43983.pdf.

15. Betsey Stevenson and Justin Wolfers, “Economic Growth and Subjective Well-Being: Reassessing the Easterlin Paradox,” Economic Studies Program, Brookings Institution, Brookings Papers on Economic Activity 39, no. 1 (2008).

16. Richard Easterlin, Laura Angelescu McVey, Malgorzata Switek, Onnicha Sawangfa, and Jacqueline Smith Zweig, “The Happiness-Income Paradox Revisited,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107, no. 52 (2010): 22463–68.

17. Ibid., 22467.

18. Richard Layard, Happiness: Lessons from a New Science (New York: Penguin, 2005), 32–35.

19. “Economic Focus: The Joyless or the Jobless,” Economist, November 27, 2010, 84.

20. Daniel Kahneman and Angus Deaton, “High Income Improves Evaluation of Life but Not Emotional Well-Being,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107, no. 38 (2010): 16489–93.

21. Ibid., 16489.

22. The two figures ($20,000 per year and $75,000 per year) are not directly comparable. The first measures a nation’s average income; the second comments on individual income.

23. Andrew T. Jebb, Louis Tay, Ed Diener, and Shigehiro Oishi, “Happiness, Income Satiation and Turning Points around the World,” Nature Human Behavior 2 (2018), https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-017-0277-0.

24. Fritz Strack, Norbert Schwarz, Brigitte Chassein, Dirk Wagner, and Dieter Kern, “Salience of Comparison Standards and the Activation of Social Norms: Consequences for Judgements of Happiness and Their Communication,” British Journal of Social Psychology 29, no. 4 (1990): 303–14. Further evidence supporting that such judgments are contextual can be found in Norbert Schwarz and Fritz Strack, “Reports of Subjective Well-Being: Judgmental Processes and Their Methodological Implications,” in Well-Being: The Foundations of Hedonic Psychology, ed. Daniel Kahneman, Edward Diener, and Norbert Schwarz (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1999), 61–84.

25. Jennifer Senior, “Some Dark Thoughts on Happiness,” New York Magazine, July 17, 2006, http://nymag.com/news/features/17573/.

26. Ibid.

27. Stevenson and Wolfers, “Economic Growth and Subjective Well-Being,” 69.

28. Daniel Kahneman, “Objective Happiness,” in Well-Being: The Foundations of Hedonic Psychology, ed. Daniel Kahneman, Edward Diener, and Norbert Schwarz (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1999), 3–25.

29. Philip Brickman, Dan Coates, and Ronnie Janoff-Bulman, “Lottery Winners and Accident Victims: Is Happiness Relative?,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 36, no. 8 (1978): 917–27. See also Senior, “Some Dark Thoughts on Happiness.”

30. Ed Diener, Jeff Horwitz, and Robert A. Emmons, “Happiness of the Very Wealthy,” Social Indicators Research 16, no. 3 (April 1985): 263–74.

31. John Knight and Ramani Gunatilaka, “Income, Aspirations and the Hedonic Treadmill in a Poor Society,” Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 82, no. 1 (2012): 67–81.

32. Ibid.

33. Amartya Sen, Development as Freedom (New York: Knopf, 1999).

34. Jeffrey D. Sachs, “Restoring Virtue Ethics in the Quest for Happiness,” in World Happiness Report 2013, ed. John Helliwell, Richard Layard, and Jeffrey Sachs (New York: UN Sustainable Solutions Development Network, 2013), 85.

35. Matthie Ricard, Happiness: A Guide to Developing Life’s Most Important Skill (New York: Little, Brown, 2000), 19.

36. Reinhard Bendix, Max Weber: An Intellectual Portrait (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977), 124.

37. Martha Nussbaum, “Mill between Aristotle and Bentham,” in Economics and Happiness: Framing and Analysis, ed. Luigino Bruni and Pier Luigi Porta (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), 173. Nussbaum notes that throughout nearly the entire canon of Western philosophy, almost all schools of thought refuse to identify “happiness” with psychological “pleasure.”

38. Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, trans. W. D. Ross (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), 2.

39. Sachs, “Restoring Virtue Ethics in the Quest for Happiness,” 84. Sachs quotes Aristotle, The Nichomachean Ethics (Amherst, MA: Prometheus, 1987), 54.

40. Nussbaum, “Mill between Aristotle and Bentham,” 171.

41. Luigino Bruni and Pier Luigi Porta, introduction to Economics and Happiness: Framing the Analysis, ed. Bruni and Porta (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), 20.

42. Stephen Wang, “Aquinas on Human Happiness and the Natural Desire for God,” New Blackfriars 88, no. 1015 (2007): 322.

43. Ibid., 323.

44. Ibid., 326.

45. “The Shakers,” National Park Service, n.d., http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/shaker/shakers.htm.

46. See Summer of Love: The Utopian Beginnings of Peace and Love Prevailed, and Ended in Chaos, Public Broadcasting Service, June 12, 2018, https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/summer-of-love/.

47. See http://www.guardian.co.uk/culture/2011/jan/30/underground-arts-60s-rebel-counterculture.

48. David Riesman, “Abundance for What?,” in Abundance for What? (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 1993).

49. Ibid., 305.

50. See Stephen P. Dunn and Steven Pressman, “The Economic Contributions of John Kenneth Galbraith,” Review of Political Economy 17, no. 2 (2005).

51. Vance Packard, The Status Seekers: An Exploration of Class Behavior in America and the Hidden Barriers That Affect You, Your Community, Your Future (New York: David McKay, 1959).

52. Adrianne Aron, “Maslow’s Other Child,” Journal of Humanistic Psychology 17, no. 2 (1977): 13, emphasis added.

53. Michael R. Hagerty, “Testing Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs: National Quality-of-Life across Time,” Social Indicators Research 46, no. 3 (1999): 250.

54. Mark E. Koltko-Rivera, “Recovering the Later Version of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs: Self-Transcendence and Opportunities for Theory, Research, and Unification,” Review of General Psychology 10, no. 4 (2006): 303.

55. Thierry Pauchant and Collette A. Dumas, “Abraham Maslow and Heinz Kohut: A Comparison,” Journal of Humanistic Psychology 31, no. 2 (1991): 58.

56. Robert Sugden, “Correspondence of Sentiments: An Explanation of the Pleasure of Social Interaction,” in Economics and Happiness: Framing the Analysis, ed. Luigino Bruni and Pier Luigi Porta (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), 97–98. See also Robert E. Lane, “Does Money Buy Happiness?,” Public Interest 37 (1993): 58; and Robert D. Putnam, “Bowling Alone: America’s Declining Social Capital,” Journal of Democracy 6, no. 1 (1995): 65–78.

57. See Gary S. Becker, “Altruism, Egoism, and Genetic Fitness: Economics and Sociobiology,” Journal of Economic Literature 14, no. 3 (1976): 817–26; Jeffrey Harrison, “Egoism, Altruism, and Market Illusions: The Limits of Law and Economics,” UCLA Law Review 33 (1986); Daniel C. Batson and Adam A. Powell, “Altruism and Prosocial Behavior,” in Handbook of Psychology, ed. Irving B. Weiner (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 2003); and Amitai Etzioni, The Moral Dimension: Toward a New Economics (New York: Free Press, 1988).

58. Derek Bok, The Politics of Happiness: What Government Can Learn from the New Research on Well-Being (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2010), 19.

59. Ibid.

60. John T. Cacioppo and Louise C. Hawkley, “Social Isolation and Health, with an Emphasis on Underlying Mechanisms,” Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 46, no. 3 (2003): S44.

61. Bok, The Politics of Happiness, 17.

62. Ibid., 19.

63. John F. Helliwell, “Well-Being, Social Capital and Public Policy: What’s New?,” Economic Modelling 20, no. 2 (2003): 331–60.

64. Bok, The Politics of Happiness, 20.

65. Ibid., 22.

66. Bruno S. Frey and Alois Stutzer, “Happiness Prospers in Democracy,” Journal of Happiness Studies 1, no. 1 (2000): 82.

67. Ibid.

68. Zipora Magen, “Commitment Beyond the Self and Adolescence: The Issue of Happiness,” Social Indicators Research 37, no. 3 (1996): 235–67.

69. Putnam, “Bowling Alone.”

70. Pierre Bourdieu, “The Forms of Capital,” in Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education, ed. John G. Richardson (New York: Greenwood, 1986), 241–58.

71. See Amitai Etzioni, The New Golden Rule: Community and Morality in a Democratic Society (New York: Basic, 1996).

72. Amitai Etzioni, From Empire to Community: A New Approach to International Relations (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004).

73. Layard, Happiness, 64.

74. Bok, The Politics of Happiness, 21–22.

75. Robert D. Putnam and David E. Campbell, American Grace: How Religion Divides and Unites Us (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2010), 490.

76. Ibid., 491.

77. Layard, Happiness, 72.

78. Putnam and Campbell, American Grace, 491–92.

79. Bok, The Politics of Happiness, 22. See also Kirk Warren Brown and Tim Kasser, “Are Psychological and Ecological Well-Being Compatible? The Role of Values, Mindfulness, and Lifestyle,” Social Indicators Research 74, no. 2 (2005): 349–68.

80. Jeffrey C. Jacob and Merlin B. Brinkerhoff, “Values, Performance and Subjective Well-Being in the Sustainability Movement: An Elaboration of Multiple Discrepancy Theory,” Social Indicators Research 42, no. 2 (1997): 171–204.